EMERGING OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING:

The computers have been for commercial purpose. With easy aspect of computer development, software engineering has been tasked to solve larger and complex programs and in a cost effective and efficient manner. Also the development and maintenance of the software product has become and important criteria. In early years, engineering faced many problem without having a better knowledge in this field, such as late delivery of the software, development team exceeding the budget, poor quality, user requirement are not completed supported by the software, difficult maintenance and unreliable software and lack of systematic approach. Thus number of large size project failed, called soft ware runaway result in software crisis. Thus, emerges the software engineering principles.

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

A software development methodology is a series of process that leads to the development of an application. Software development activities consist of system analysis, modeling, design implementation, testing and maintenance. The software process describes how the work is to be carried out to achieve the original goal based on the system requirements. Each process consists of a number of steps and rules that should be performed during development. The soft development process will continue to exist as long as the development system is in operation.

GSM

The goal of GSM is to provide a mobile phone System that allows user to roam throughout and provide voice services compatible to ISDN and PSTN.GSM stands for Global System for Mobile communications, originally from Groupe Special Mobile, used in 190 countries. GSM allows the integration of voice and data services and also the internetworking with the existing networks. The three types of services offered by GSM are Bearer Services, Tele Services and Supplementary services. GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The system was designed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response.it also supports multiple algorithms so operators may replace that cipher with a stronger one.

IEEE

IEEE started a project, called project 802, to set the standards to enable communication among equipment from a verity of manufactures. The IEEE has subdivided the data link layer into two sub layers. Logical link control and media access control. IEEE has created several physical layers standards fro the different LAN protocols. The purpose of LLC is to provide flow and error control fro the upper layer protocols. MAC defines the specific access method for Ethernet LANs. In contrast to the LLC sub layer, the MAC sub layer contains a number of distinct modules; each defines the access method and the framing format specific to the corresponding LAN protocol.

Cookie

What is HTTP Cookie?

Cookie is a small amount of information sent by
a servlet to a Web browser

Saved by the browser, and later sent back to the
server in subsequent requests

A cookie has a name, a single value, and optional
attributes

A cookie's value can uniquely identify a client

Server uses cookie's value to extract information
about the session from some location on the
server

Session Tracking

Why Session Tracking?

Session Tracking is amechanism to maintain state across a
series of requests from the same user (or
originating from the same browser) over
some period of time

Example: Online shopping cart

Yet, HTTP is stateless protocol

Each time, a client talks to a web server, it opens
a new connection

Server does not automatically maintains
“conversational state” of a user

Three “underlying” Session Tracking Mechanisms

Cookies

URL rewriting

Hidden form fields

Microsoft AVI

Like quick time, AVI is also designed to produce a low resolution video on desktop. AVI is designed as a separate layered module. It supports 15 frames per sec in 160X120 windows with 8-bit sound of video playback. An important feature in AVI is its scalability. It includes several based compression and decompression algorithm. It also provides a feature to select the quality, frame and many more in a dialog box. It provides best quality than quick time.

RAID

RAID is an array of multiple disk where data is spread across the drivers to achieve fault tolerance, large storage capacity and performance improvement. Fault tolerance is achieved by maintaining a hot back up system duplication the primary computer system. This gives the use of mirrored disk system. Throughput speed improvements in RAM are achieved by Spreading reads and writes across multiple disk spindles in parallel. This is called as data striping. It is classified as six levels ranging for 0 -5.the performance depends on the application and type of the RAID system.

Mobile virus

Do you all no the first mobile virus was invented in the year 2004. The name of worm, known as Cabir, infects phones and devices running the Symbian operating system. It was just a simple virus just to show that viruses can also affect mobile phone. This virus sent SMS text messages without the user's knowledge. It was just a simple one it displays “caribe” , every time the mobile phone is turned on , the worm will launch itself and scan the area for other phones to infect, sending a copy of itself to any it finds. Then in 2005 it was reported that a worm called commwarrior, which replicates itself through MMS. It sends copies of itself to other phone owners list of contact details. Some common mobile viruses are Cabir, Commwarrio, Skulls and Duts.

Garbage collection

Garbage collection is a process of automatic memory management. GC is a part of JVM, which is used to recycle the memory to the object. The most important thing is that GC cannot be forced explicitly. It is performed by JVM when it is short of memory. The two ways System.gc() or new Runtime.gc() does not forces the GC, it can only gives a suggestion to JVM. GC generally uses a algorithm, which gives a fair balance for memory recovery. An object is eligible foe GC only when it has no object refers to it, and reference is made null. Finally () method is called only once by GC before deleting unreachable object. You can make object ineligible for garbage collection in the finalize() method. GC is one of the powerful tools in java, which makes it more reliable.

Thin film transistor liquid crystal display

TFT is can be expanded as thin film transistor. TFT-LCD is a wide verity used now a day, which uses thin film transistor technology to give better and improved picture quality. TFT LCD is one type of active matrix LCD, where all LCD-screens are based on TFT active matrix addressing. Which are widely used in TV mobile phones and computers now a days. A small liquid crystal. External consumer display devices like a TFT LCD use an analogue VGA connection. The liquid present inside the display position is so poisonous when bought to contact; spill from a crack should be washed off immediately with soap and water.

GRPS

GPRS is a packet oriented mobile data services which is available for the use of GSM and for IS-136 mobile phone. They provide data service ranging form 56 to 114 kbit/s. This can be used for services like WAP, SMS, MMS and for internet too. GPRS is the best effort packet switching services as opposed to circuit switching. Its also provide some best QoS. GPRS is a packet based and when TCP/IP is used each phone have one or more IP address available.

Cryptography

 The word is from a Greek mean hidden, secret and is a study of hiding some information. Cryptography is one of the greater inventions of man kind to make the data safe. Cryptography is considered to be the combination of mathematics and computer science along with some theory of engineering. It is widely used in all range of application like ATM cards, passwords electronic commerce and in mail service too. Every thing in today’s world, where security is needed lie in the hands of Cryptography.

IPTV

This can be called as the next generation television broadcasting. Internet Protocol Television is method in which digital television service is delivered using internet protocol with the help of network infrastructure, by means of broadband connection. This can help to over come transmission by means of broadcast and cable format in TV. This can also help in fastening the service. IPTV is a service offered in conjunction with video on demand and bundled with web access. This can pay way to Quadruple Play, by providing IPTV, VoIP and Internet access. All this started at 1994, when ABC's World News broadcast the first television show through internet, and now it is developing.

Integrated Circuit

 we all know the inventor of so many electronic product do we no the man called Jack Kilby. Who made the world electronic items so small. He is the man who is called as the father of Integrated Circuit.Jack Kilby from Texas Instruments on 12 September 1958 came up with idea of IC. His first demonstration was sine wave tone on a CRO or "oscilloscope" which made a change. This idea was not accepted widely for some reason, but it was US Air Force which picked up his idea and used in USAF computer in 1961. And form there to now his idea changed the look of eyes. Thanks to Jack Kilby the great man.

IPTV

This can be called as the next generation television broadcasting. Internet Protocol Television is method in which digital television service is delivered using internet protocol with the help of network infrastructure, by means of broadband connection. This can help to over come transmission by means of broadcast and cable format in TV. This can also help in fastening the service. IPTV is a service offered in conjunction with video on demand and bundled with web access. This can pay way to Quadruple Play, by providing IPTV, VoIP and Internet access. All this started at 1994, when ABC's World News broadcast the first television show through internet, and now it is developing.

RED BLUE GREEN

 
RGB is called the primary color from which different combination are got. This is a additive color in which the three main colors like red blue and green are made to overlap in different ways to produce different array of colors. This theory was there before electronic age, but only in human perception of color. This was based on the Young–Helmholtz theory of trichromatic color vision, developed by Thomas Young and Hermann Helmholtz. This concept was put forth in mid nineteenth century. This method moved from there to photography and to television and now to computers.

JVM

JVM is a heart of java, even to some other languages. Jvm is available for any hardware and software platform, this can be classified in to both middleware and platform. It is expressed as “write once run anywhere”, this what makes java more powerful than any other language. The same byte code can be used across any platform, "compile once, run anywhere" in short "write once, compile anywhere". JVM operate on byte code, which is normally generated from Java source code. It also give the power of automated exception handling which provides root cause debugging information for every software error and independent of source code.

B-membrane Laptop Desktop

 

Concept computer designed by Korean designer Won-Seok Lee.
No bulky monitors,
just a UFO shape system that displays screen like a projector.

Renault Megane Coupe Concept for Megane III (Geneva 2008)